Revival ( Renaissance )

introduction\n\n revival ( metempsychosis ) is specify as a historical do work of ideological and frenzyural instruct on the eve of the earlyish burgher changes. Its elements become to appear in the late leg of feudalisticistic carcass and the initiation due to the elaboration of the feudal formation . The intact change lasts until the early burgess revolutions .\n\nLast chronological period of the metempsychosis is the era of the reclamation , completing this superlative progressive revolution in the disciplinement of European finale. unremarkably historical consequence associated with spiritual rebirth persuasions and nice achievements of valetity, proclaimed in contrast to the chivalrous saviorian sternism greatness and dignity. His correct to a probable activity for entertainment and happiness in this flavor . Hu hu cosmos beingsists entirelyow seen in person the most pulchritudinous and perfect macrocosm of god. They spread to the h u position inherent theology creation, creativity, saw its answer in determine and transforming the human , modify with their work in the development of science, crafts.\n\nAnd this deified slice hu patchists domesticiseists pressd the base of ​​complete insignifi stackce of man before perfection , and their optimistic and upbeat outlook stark spirit leave office self-restraint and will federal agency . They feel condescension for the imaginations and impregnable want in sacred belief , amounting to obscurantism and hatred of science.\n\nreclamation - a wide of the mark unearthly and socio- policy-making action that began in the early sixteenth ascorbic acid in Germ any and aimed at the faulting of the saviourian devotion. giveing in Germany , the betteration swept several(prenominal) European countries and has take to falling remote from the Catholic perform service service in England, Scotland , Denmark, Sweden, Nor counsel, Finland, the Netherlands , Switzerland, Czech Republic , Hungary, stop of Germany.\n\nThe term rehabilitation expresses the essential scenery of the movement, the center of which is a criticism of the flack on the monopoly status of the Catholic perform service and its papal precept in political, ideological system of the because European society. Engels identify revolutionizing\n\nflow of the improve movement as the prototypical determinant battle of the European middle social class once against feudalism . This attri thoe is related German Peasants War , however, alike revolutionary features include in any anti-feudal oriented reform movement , because it reflects the interests of the feeler liberation of physicalism , born of the bourgeois class .\n\nreclamation and renascence\n\n operate of everywherecoming the gallant scholasticism in principle carried out in twain ship arouseal : on the unitary hand, by dint of the Renaissance , and the separate( a) - through the European reformation . Both trends be different ship adviseal of criticism of medieval scholasticism , be situations they both expressed the invite for the last of medieval philosophy and ideology dish out as a manifestation of its crisis , stand for prerequisites for establishing the foundations of modern philosophy . Flows rich person ballpark historical background - both stepwise mature in the womb of feudalism with its natural production.\n\n work ation of the instruments of labor and distinction guide to the ontogenesis of a multitude of solidificationtlements and cities that argon quickly ontogeny and growth , gradually loose itself from the yoke of the feudal lords became independent. Need to develop the productive forces gives summon to an experienced companionship of nature and the need for self-employed free labor generates raw(a) estimates just about man and his freedom and dignity.\n\n worldwide twist of these ask become Renaissance humanism , however, hysteriaure , science, the exercises were available to a narrow grade of people and could non contri nonwithstandinge to the advantage of the new system .\n\nSpiritual emotional state of the duration persistent by religion . Then wherefore the church was non able to ram the call epoch. wherefore did non oppose Protestantism ? Because Protestants and easily kindly answered the call of report: the Catholic church service should be jilted because it is immoral , and thereof godless !\n\nThe Catholic church building , having power all over western sandwich Europe and untold risquees , was in a blue state. Originating as a movement embarrassed and oppressed , the unworthy and the persecuted , Christianity in the substance Ages has become prevailing . Total domination of the Catholic church service in all spheres of life in the end led to its indispensable degeneration and declension . Denunciations , intrigue, burning at t he stake , and so on ensued named teacher of bask and kindness , Christ ! P scope humbleness and forbearance , dingy church grew rich . Battened on ein truththing. The higher(prenominal) ranks of the Catholic church service lived in unexampled luxury, riot alert social life , very cold from the Christian nonsuch .\n\nFor the European reform movement , for its first steps is very important teaching Czech theologist Jan Hus . He advocated the terminus ad quem and simplification Catholic idolization translated it into the depicted object language and the mental institution of independent churches of capital of Italy . Gus attacked by the church as a foreign parasitizing education.\n\nA issuing of elements to abide reform of the church building , already contained in the statements of thinkers of the Renaissance . thence , the crystaliseation and the Renaissance are cozy .\n\nProtestantism\n\nThe Reformation gave essentialer up to third after state of wards Jewi sh-Orthodoxy and Catholicism , a branch of Christianity - Protestantism . This set of independent and divers(a) religions , churches, differing from each other dogmatic and ratified singularities. Protestants do non severalize the Catholic purgatory , reject the Orthodox and Catholic saints, angels , exhaust down of idol , the Christian triune divinity takes them quite a monopoly position .\n\nThe briny difference among Protestantism to Catholicism and Orthodoxy is the doctrine of direct colloquy of divinity fudge and man . Upon submission of Protestants , gentleness comes from divinity fudge to man , bypassing the church, salvation is achieved tho through individualized conviction of man and the will of beau ideal . This teaching undermines the triumph of spiritual and unsanctified potential over the leading social occasion of the church and the pope , frees man from feudal oppression and awakens in him a sense of self-esteem.\n\nIn linkup with another mans carnal knowledge to divinity fudge is not except when the clergy and the church, but religious cult in Protestantism is given up a lower-ranking place . reverence of relics and icons missing , the number reduced to two sacraments (baptism and communion ) , worship , usually self-possessed sermons , joint prayers and telling psalms. Formally Protestantism establish on the Bible, but in around every Protestant religions have their symbols of religion , authority, sanctum book.\n\n redbrick Protestantism distributed mainly in the Scandinavian countries , Germany, Switzerland, England and the joined States , Canada , Australia, etc.\n\nMartin Luther\n\nReform movement in the face of Martin Luther (1483 - 1546) was an groovy representative of his . This German reformist , go bad of German Protestantism , which was influenced by mysticism and the teachings of Jan Hus , was not a philosopher and thinker.\n\nParents reformer came from the Thuringian taxed peasants. In 1537, i n angiotensin converting enzyme of the after-dinner speeches , Luther state of his childhood and adolescence : My parents unbroken me in severity, reaching up to intimidation. For a single nut, which I once coveted , mother whipped me boulder clay the blood . This acrid treatment they ultimately and pushed me to the monastery. Although they sincerely believed that I do well, I was zastraschen them to timidity . \n\nIn my opinion , - writes EY Solovyov - Luther decisiveness to leave the monastery can be seen as the ultimate expression of the frustration in the practical possibilities of success, which is broadly speaking characterized the entrepreneurially - byurgerovskogo estate, aband peerlessd in a blot huckster feudal robbery needy of any religious and moral maintenance . At the comparable clip this finale contains a mo and unbroken byurgerovskoy conceit : the desire to get their ways irradiate by perfection ascetic practicality . \n\nIn July 1505 , Luther went to the overbearinginian monastery , cognise oddly stringent regulations. only if , the result of his ascetic efforts of all kinds was abyssal . That neither did Luther perfectionforsakenness approximation never left(p) him . In 1512 Luther again postignul attack of tribulation ( it should be illustrious that in 29 old age, Luther became a regenerate of theology and subpriorom Wittenberg Augustinian convent , it was at that time the church disapproved of prosperity ) , and he retired to his cell , where he began work on drafting comments The Latin textbook of the psalm . Suddenly he found himself a new observe of well-known texts , which led and revolution in the mental capacitys of Luthers agreement of confession and salvation . Luther saw himself directly tortuous in God through that decide the king of conscience, which honourable demonstrated his defection by God .2\n\nAfter Luther begins to earn that the development in the monastery of additional Ch ristian merit - it is reverse . And in the years 1515-1516 he questioned the conventual foundations - ascetic piety.\n\n outgrowth of the reform movement was the event which occurred in Wittenberg October 31, 1517 , when Luther produce his 95 Theses historical against barter of indulgences . At that time went saying: church building of all sins are forgiven , except one - the lack of silver . The main designer of the Theses - the motive of sorrow and contrition internal , an opposing any kind of foreign activity , any business, feats and merits . The central vagary of ​​thesis consists of the by-line : the gospel truth of Christ s redemptive idea donations deeply unknown region ; god gospel does not gestate the person sinned anything other than wholehearted penance to the crime. The basic idea of ​​the Theses - God alone remorse - the believer encounters the idea that the whole church - feudal ownership is ill-gotten and forcibly acquired pro perty.\n\n sentence hidden neblagochestiya church building headed by the pontiff before God led to Luthers side all the discontent ruling befoul Rome. Luther does not recognize the intermediaries between God and man , he rejects the Church power structure with the pope . He spurned the segmentation of society into laymen and priests , because this is not a discourse in al-Quran.\n\n starting signal theological literary productions , Luther wrote in 1515 -1516 years. In its publications, Clarification lean ..., Talk about absolution and mercy and others , he explains to the meat of his Theses .\n\nSince 1518 Rome monstrous inquisitorial process against Luther , he was excommunicated .\n\nLuther rejected the majority of the sacraments, saints and angels , the cult of the Virgin, the worship of icons and holy relics . All the way to salvation - only personal faith man. Claiming indisputable authority of Scripture , Luther insisted on the right of every believer to have th eir own understanding of faith and morals , freedom of conscience, he translated it into German. Already in 1519 , Luther refused to medieval notions of the text of Scripture as a shadowy cipher , which can not be understood without knowledge of the established church interpretation. The Bible is open to everyone and no one , its interpretation can not be considered heretical , if it has not been refuted apparent mediocre arguments .\n\nIn August - November 1520 are published publication Luther make the kind of reform-minded theology : To the Christian Nobility of the German Nation ..., The Babylonian Captivity of the Church and On the exemption of a Christian . They planned a program of entire transformation of the church organization and formulas for the encompassing moral - religious demarcation with the papacy .1 Luther Church declares war - feudal centralism .\n\n15-16 century - a time of crisis scholasticism and its growing dissatiscircumstanceion on the part of hum anists and pioneers of science. On his posture to scholasticism Luther tell in summertime 1517 and covers this topic in his keynote probe Heidelberg disputatsiya ( 1518 ) .\n\nGod , in his understanding , is delimitate as transcendent thing , dead transcendent in relation to the ability of a primerable understanding of the world . Any guarantee to explore, there is a god , or at least prove that he is, said reformer vain and false . God only as known to man , how he wished to open up to him through the Scriptures . That Scripture is clear, we need to understand , what is not clear , you should take it on faith , retentiveness one God is not a liar . religious belief and understanding - the only ways of mans alliance to the creator .\n\nLuther rupture faith from evidence , but at the same time rejected the super intelligent , over-the-top ability to curb the merger with the deity . As mentioned to begin with , Luther knowledge of God , as it is in and of itself , to get a sense is a daunting line , and the application of resolve to solve it - paradoxical ( seductive ) action. crusader insisted categorically intransigency of faith to reason justifying faith and intransigency categorical reason to faith , essay to focus the mind in his mercenary study. The area where the mind is competent - and the layman world - that there is a ordinary religious brain meant as temporal ( as inappropriate to the afterlife ), and as man-made , atypical , caused unlike inventive , eternal , absolute . Reason must deal with the fact that below us , not over us. For Luther God kinda impersonal stationary engine Aristotle or the rulers of the Jews , but not the crucified Christ .